When we talk about uterine tumors, we often think of them as a uniform mass of abnormal cells. But the reality is far more complex. These tumors are made up of different types of cells that behave differently and may not respond equally to treatment. This diversity, known as tumor heterogeneity, is one of the main reasons why not all therapies work the same for every patient.
To better understand this complexity, researchers are using an advanced tool called single-cell technology. This approach allows scientists to analyze each cell individually, as if examining the pieces of a puzzle one by one. By doing so, they can uncover hidden details that were previously overlooked. These insights can lead to more effective and personalized treatments.
What single-cell analysis reveals that we couldn’t see before
Until recently, studying a tumor meant analyzing bulk tissue samples. This method offered a general overview, like calculating the average of everything happening in the tumor at once. But the downside of this approach is that it misses critical information. For example, small clusters of cells that drive tumor growth, stem-like cells that may be at the origin of the tumor, or resistant cell populations that do not respond to standard treatments.
Single-cell analysis has changed the game. It now enables scientists to map out the different cell types within a tumor, understand how they interact, and track how they evolve over time or in response to therapy. The greatest advantage is that each cell is analyzed separately, without averaging or mixing signals. This provides a much clearer and more precise picture of what is actually happening inside the tumor.
From the lab to personalized diagnosis
At the Carlos Simon Foundation, the research group led by Dr. Aymara Mas is applying single-cell sequencing to tackle key questions in gynecological tumor biology. Through projects such as “Tumor heterogeneity inferred by single-cell RNA sequencing: new insights into the therapeutic target of uterine tumors”, funded by the Carlos III Health Institute and co-funded by the European Union, the team is building detailed cellular maps that allow us to:
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Distinguish between benign tumors like fibroids and malignant ones like sarcomas
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Identify rare cell populations that may be responsible for recurrence or resistance to treatment
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Explore how tumor cells interact with immune cells to help explain why some tumors evade the body’s natural defenses
These advances not only deepen our scientific understanding but also pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. These strategies are more precise, less invasive, and tailored to each patient.
A transformative technology with real-world applications
The potential of single-cell technology goes beyond cancer. It is also being used to study other gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, and Asherman syndrome.
Thanks to this research line, the Carlos Simon Foundation is establishing itself as a leader in the application of single-cell analysis in reproductive and gynecological health. Our work expands the scientific knowledge base and opens new doors for improving patient care and outcomes.
Because sometimes, to truly understand a big problem, we need to look as closely as possible. One cell at a time.